Railways and highways are a major source of wildlife mortality throughout the world. Railways also cause direct loss of habitat, degradation of habitat quality, habitat fragmentation, population fragmentation/ isolation and reduce access to vital habitats. In India also, a large number of wild species are being killed annually due to railways and highways.

Human-elephant conflict poses a considerable threat to the population of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) that is already on the brink of extinction due to poaching for ivory, habitat loss and fragmentation. The extensive alteration of elephant habitat by human population is forcing the species to confine themselves into small pockets of land that are connected only by human settlements.