The ozone layer acts like a shield in safeguarding the Earth by preventing the harmful ultraviolet radiations from entering into the atmosphere. Reported damage to the ozone layer in 1985 was a significant milestone in Antarctic science research. The research work played a significant role in generating international socio-political debate on this great environmental crisis.

The variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR; both at interannual as well as intraseasonal timescales) has a direct impact on various sectors of public interest and economy such as agriculture, water resource, etc. So, the need of real-time extended range forecast system of the ISMR (monthly to seasonal scale) is not overstated. The present study is aimed at developing such a forecast system to predict rainfall (monthly and seasonal mean) one month in advance over 34 meteorological subdivisions of India for climate risk management in agriculture.

We investigated the impact of radiosonde data from the ice-free Arctic Ocean obtained by the Japanese R/V Mirai during a cruise in the fall of 2010 on the AFES-LETKF experimental ensemble reanalysis version 2 (ALERA2) data set. The reanalysis used radiosonde data over the ice-free region. Compared with observations, it captured Arctic cyclogenesis along the marginal ice zone, including a tropopause fold, very well.

Phase transitions of atmospheric water play a ubiquitous role in the Earth's climate system, but their direct impact on atmospheric dynamics has escaped wide attention. Here we examine and advance a theory as to how condensation influences atmospheric pressure through the mass removal of water from the gas phase with a simultaneous account of the latent heat release. Building from fundamental physical principles we show that condensation is associated with a decline in air pressure in the lower atmosphere.