This Protocol provides requirements and guidance for cities on preparing and publicly reporting a GHG emission inventory. The primary goal is to provide a standardized step-by-step approach to help cities quantify their GHG emissions in order to manage and reduce their GHG impacts.

India is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Government of India attaches great importance to climate change issues. The Convention aims at stabilizing the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at safer levels that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Eradication of poverty, avoiding risks to food production, and sustainable development are three integrated principles deeply embedded in the Convention.

Accelerating growth in the transport sector, a booming construction industry, and a growing industrial sector are responsible for worsening air pollution in Indian cities. While estimates of health impacts are effective in raising overall concern about air quality, they do not specifically answer the question of what are the sources of air pollution and and what is their contribution. Further uncontrolled growth will lead to more pollution and require large recurring investments to control pollution.

The simplest way to estimate CO2 emission from fossil fuel combustion is assuming that the carbon in the fuel is released into the atmosphere in the short or the long run. Short‐term emissions are defined within the IPCC Guidelines as those occurring within twenty years of the fuel use and are almost entirely reported in the fuel combustion module. Long‐term CO2 emissions result from the final oxidation of long‐life materials manufactured from fuel carbon and are usually emissions from waste destruction. This methodology is called the top‐down approach.

The United States EPA is proposing new source performance standards for emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) for new affected fossil fuel-fired electric utility generating units (EGUs). The EPA is proposing these requirements because CO2 is a greenhouse gas (GHG) and fossil fuel-fired power plants are the country’s largest stationary source emitters of GHGs. The EPA in 2009 found that by causing or contributing to climate change, GHGs endanger both the public health and the public welfare of current and future generations.

The Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC) is a multi-stakeholder, consensus-based protocol for developing internationally recognized and accepted community-scale greenhouse gas accounting and reporting standards. It is the result of a year-long collaboration between ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability and C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group; on 1 June 2011, the two organizations forged an agreement to develop a standard approach for accounting and reporting GHG emissions that will boost cities’ ability to access funding and implement actions.

Accelerating growth in the transport sector, a booming construction industry, and a growing industrial sector are responsible for worsening air pollution in Indian cities. While estimates of health impacts are effective in raising overall concern about air quality, they do not specifically answer the question of where the pollution is coming from and how much each of these sources contributes towards air pollution. Further uncontrolled growth will lead to more pollution and require large recurring investments to control pollution.

The Second National Communication from Bhutan to the UNFCCC elaborates the actions taken, and needed, to address emissions and adverse impacts of climate change in Bhutan. Greenhouse gas emissions from Bhutan are still a third of what forests sequester, but emissions are growing due to progress in socio-economic development and a growing population. Mitigation measures that are already in place and options for further action are presented in this report.

Agriculture production in different regions is facing complex challenges such as the impact of climate variability and change, land degradation, increased competition for water, increasing labor and input costs, and loss of carbon stocks in agricultural lands. While there is adequate literature and information on these issues, the impact on crop production due to loss of carbon stock and how to enhance crop production through increased carbon stocks have been ignored in most analyses.